The Constitutional Revolution of Iran is a good subject for studing historical, cultural, social and political events of Iran from 1324 until now.Studying the Constitutional Revolution using the sociological theories, helps us better to understand its causes and consequences in different levels of the Iranian society. The theories of revolution try to explain why and how revolutions happen and what are their consequences. This article uses Marx's and Skocpol's theories of reuolution in order to explain the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The study reveals that the neomarxist theory of skocpol can explain the Constitutional Revolution better than that of Marx.

Environmental issues and challenges in this era caused an attention to software strategies (environmental behavior and ethics) alongside hardware solutions (to produce environmental technologies). In other hand, the evolution of environmental behavioral theories caused a hope for understanding human environment relations. Using analytical-critical method, the present study aimed to explain and critic western theories of moral behavior, then present Islamic theories of moral behaviors. Western scientists present some moral behavior theories in relationship with environment like Theories of "reasoned action", "planned behavior", "norm-action" and "value-belief-norm". Despite, vast diffusion and using of these theories, they were criticized for neglecting moral variables like moral norms and human value orientations. In other hand, Islamic philosophers and scientists have moral behavior theories that seems are cope with ethics spiritual characteristics of Islamic societies. In present study some Islamic theories are presented. It is recommended that Islamic scientists at philosophy of ethics and moral psychology try to inference moral behavioral theories from Islamic resources; and then apply these theories in field researches in order to improve their predictability power.

Rational discussion guides, but does not compel individual decisions, and the best process of inquiry and decision should vary with a person’s goals and situation. Sir Karl Popper noted that after a result of observation or experiment has been obtained by independent researchers, scientists agree to reject as false theories that are contradicted by accepted facts. Popper, though, wrongly assumed this consensus also applies to acceptance for purposes of research. In reality researchers develop competing theories about which evidence is currently in conflict, and sometimes even refuting the theories in their current form. Further, Popper asserted that only negative arguments should be used in rational inquiry. In reality, productive inquiry involves also positive arguments, even in science. Positive considerations such as which basic theories are justified by the researcher’s preferred metaphysics, or what theories in applied science are justified by existing accepted basic theories, are also used productively

The present paper poses the claim that the use of the term ‘ paradigm shift’ in relation to the evolution of planning theory in general on one hand, and explaining the theoretical development of planning in Iran on the other, lacks scientific accuracy, and that from this perspective the validity of indigenous theories such as the ‘ strategic-structural’ theory must be re-examined. A review of the nature and content of the terms ‘ paradigm’ and ‘ paradigm shift’ , and exploring their possibilities to explain the fundamental changes in planning theory will be first steps in making the case for the above claim. The distinction between ‘ theory development’ and ‘ paradigm shift’ and addressing the essential differences between the two, has led this research towards developmental methodology, so that in addition to explaining elements of planning theories whose evolutionary course results in a new generation of theories, the underlying and structural conditions of this transition are also examined. Finally, the continuum of transformation of planning theories will be introduced in its general sense in temporal and spatial contexts, based on which the development of a pathology of theorising planning in Iran from the perspective of the internal logics planning theories is made possible. Based on this pathology, the point can be made that rather than paying attention to new, modern planning approaches – such as strategic planning or communication planning – it is necessary to rethink Iran’ s planning system within the requirements of its Institutional context, and try to make changes in institutions and institutionalise planning.

I will begin by conjecturing a cosmological generalization of black hole complementarity (also known as the central dogma). I will then discuss three theories and argue that they are inconsistent with second law of thermodynamics if the cosmological version of the dogma is correct. The three theories are: the big rip; cyclic cosmology; and the Farhi-Guth-Guven mechanism for creating inflating universes behind black hole horizons.